hi everyone
first of all thank you very much for having me down here at Google
you know I'd love it here that energy at Google reminds me somewhat of the energy at Pixar
there's this real creative energy and even though the companies are doing different things
you can kind of feel that that pulse and that creative beat
and I'll talk a little bit about that today I find that over the years since I left Pixar as well
I generally get three questions that come up all the time
the first question is what was it like to work with Steve Jobs for such a long period of time
and the undercurrent to that question is he really like the guy that we see in the movies
the second question is about Pixar and that question is how is it that Pixar got to hit it out of the ballpark over and over again
I can understand how they did it once but there's our old Pixar friend okay
and how is it the Pixar did it over and over again that's the second question
and the third question is generally about me which is why did you give up corporate life to go off and study Eastern philosophy and meditation
so I thought what I would do today is first tee up the story in the book and tell you what that's all about
and then I'll attempt to share some thoughts about those three questions all of which are also addressed in the book
and I hope that might trigger some questions and we can go deeper into any of those topics that you would like after I'm done with that with the presentation
so the story of the book really began in 1994 and if you can imagine I am the chief financial officer of Silicon Valley company called electronics for imaging that company is still around and I have taken that company public and I was sitting in my office
one day and my phone rings and I pick up the phone and on the other end of the phone
I hear hi this is Steve Jobs I saw your picture in a magazine a couple of years ago
and I thought we might work together someday I have a little company that I would like to tell you about
so inside my immediate reaction was he wants to talk to me about next computer because next computer was his company that he started after he left Apple
it had largely been written off because it had shut down its hardware business because its computers never made it and so I thought what he wants to me to help him turn next around and then he says it's called Pixar
so inside now I'm going what an earth is picks off I barely don't even know if I've heard of Pixar outwardly
I say sure I'd love to learn about that
so looking back now you might think to yourself that would be the greatest call that you could get in the world
you get a call from the great Steve Jobs to come talk about helping him run the great Pixar
but in 1994 that was the furthest thing from the way
it was at that moment in time I'd probably speculate it may have been one of the lowest points in Steve's career he had been
you know let go from Apple eight years earlier eight or nine years earlier
and in that ensuing period he had not had a hit for a very long time in fact he'd had four failures in a row the original Lisa computer the original Macintosh computer the next computer and the Pixar imaging computer
so for Hardware attempts had all been shut down and there were books being written about him at that time that you know the has-been guy of Silicon Valley
and so that was on the Steve front Pixar didn't fare any better
as I began to research it Pixar had a reputation for being a company that never found its way it had received almost 50 million dollars of capital from Steve well in note which in those days was a huge sum still huge sum and had nothing to show for it it literally had a balance sheet that had negative fifty million dollars in the in the in the equity column and no revenue no profits
and Steve was paying for the payroll of Pixar the shortfall in Pixar's payroll out of his personal checkbook everybody
I knew told me why would you want to do that which is the title of the first chapter in the book why would you want to do that
and it was a very close call whether to do it
I went to visit Pixar and nothing about that visit and going to Pixar made the situation any better Pixar's campus at the time was pretty much the mirror opposite of Google's it was in a tiny town point called Point Richmond which was a land away from Silicon Valley
it was in a very run-down building that was literally across the street from an oil refinery and you walked into this building and there was nothing remarkable about it at all
it was dreary it was dull and I got there and I thought to myself what am I doing here and then I started to talk to the people there and then they bring me into a screening room
and the screening room was reflected the rest of the building it was basically a small room
and the seats in the room were basically old couches the kind of couches that you would see at the end of a driveway that someone had left to be picked up
and so I sit down and then I hear all these caveats
I'm told we're gonna show you a couple of minutes of this thing we're working on called Toy Story
but it's not finished and the music isn't final and the voices aren't final and the animation isn't final and it's blocky
and there's just like the stream of excuses on
okay okay
I get it it's not finished so then the film begins to roll and I see this is late 1994 for the first time three minutes of the original Toy Story
and it's the scene from the beginning of the film when woody sends the little green army man to go scout out the new presence that Andy might be getting for his birthday because the toys are in a panic that those presence will replace them and I just sit there and like my jaw drops
and it well turns me off to us and said what do you think
I said Edie I don't know I'm somewhere in this building there is magic
and that was my reaction to it
it was still a close call whether to join Pixar though because seeing one you know Cole three-minute clip of a film you know doesn't necessarily mean much to her
you know strategy finance you know businessperson it's great it's really cool but you know does it make a business kind of a thing
but I decided to join largely
because I had connected very well with Steve and we clearly had a good chemistry
I thought we could work together and I thought that IDI Catmull John Lasseter and other members of the Pixar team
I just had this sense that these guys will win us and I didn't know how or when or whether they would make it
but I thought that they were the kind of people that would make it and they didn't have it Pixar kind of what I brought to the table
so I believe that a lot of the energy and success of startups comes from having very complementary and diverse kinds of talents and you know I brought something to the table there that that nobody else did and so I thought that that I would fit so I decided to take the job I decided to take the job and six weeks later I came home to Hilary who's sitting right over there and I said I have made the biggest mistake of my career and it seems funny kind of looking back at it but at the time that it happens it's really very painful because I felt like I've made a big sacrifice to go and join this little company everybody I knew pretty much told me not to and here I was and the reason for that is because I went into Pixar and I had this kind of image in my head I saw why they make this really cool software called render man and they have this really cool animation software they make an assorted short films they do animated commercials you know making commercials they got this little thing called Toy Story going on so all I really need to do is kind of like beef up each of those things you know and so and turn them into like real businesses and then we'll have these different kinds of divisions within Pixar and they had all kind of help offset each other and we build a business that way so if they say that naivete is a condition to go into a startup then I can say I went into pixel with that in spades because I was wrong on every front and that took me about six eight weeks to figure out the software business that Pixar had was amazing it was wonderful the Pixar's renderman software is still the finest of its kind it's just that in that time there were a baby like 50 customers for it so there was no way to scale that business animated commercials great also they did these amazing Chips Ahoy commercials and one Clio awards and this and that but no scaling possible in that business it's like a business or no or low margins whatsoever and I figured out that it wouldn't scale animated short films even worse there's no economy for those no whatsoever and then there's this little thing called Toy Story and if you're you have to if you look at the scene back then you know I went in there not knowing anything about the film business if you wanted to build a film company in 1994 you know I'd be the last person that you'd want to hire because I come from Silicon Valley I've represented you know software companies however companies I knew the tech business really well nothing about the film business but I had to learn it and I literally went to the library and I pulled out a book called entertainment industry economics it's written by Howe Vogel it's like a classic book I know how really well now is now unlike the 19th edition of that book and it's sort of the driest book imaginable I mean it's just it's all numbers it's all graphs you know there's just you know nothing about it you know that that is so light and I start to read this book and I started alone the entertainment industry from a book and it didn't take me long to figure out you didn't have to be that's bright to figure it out because house spells it out for you which is that this is the worst possible business that you could think about going into especially if your angle it is filmed entertainment so I started to learn about this more and more and I realized that he was right the reason he was right because in the whole history of entertainment only one company had ever succeeded in making animated feature films and that was the Walt Disney Company and they only succeeded from 1939 to about 1945 1939 they released Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs than they did Dumbo and Bambi and all those classic films but Walt Disney was constantly challenged with how to keep that animation division afloat he was always basically on the edge of running out of money so what he ended up doing was diversifying so in the 1950s he went into film distribution with Grenaa Vista distribution he went into theme parks opening Disneyland in Anaheim he went into television and he went into film live-action film so I looked at that and then I looked at every other studio that had attempted to succeed in animated feature film and no one had succeeded at it so I'm looking at this situation going okay none of Pixar's businesses has any chance the only one that might have a tiny chance of scaling is animated feature films and no company has ever succeeded at doing that how on earth are we going to build that into a business how on earth are we going to even finance the company in order to do that I hardly believe it can be done and that's where I found myself about you know probably three months into Pixar the only thing is that if you are like on a small boat in the middle of the ocean and you're in a big storm and there's only one little bit of light you know sort of that you can see you gotta aim in that direction so well I'd like to claim that it was strategic brilliance at the time it was like that's the only direction you know it's the only direction we can go in and the conclusion from that was Pixar needs to be an entertainment company now of course we all know Pixar's an entertainment company but back then nobody did it actually took years for people to understand that Pixar was an entertainment company and was the company that was generating the the creative work behind his films so the book really tells the story of what happened next how we navigated from that spot to that tiny little piece of light and we almost capsized many times in that process it was as difficult as I thought it was going to be to raise the capital that we needed it was as difficult as I thought it was going to be to turn Pixar into a sort of a viable business but that's really the story that I that that I recount in the book so in that I have these sort of three themes that I mentioned earlier so I'll say a little bit about each of those so the first one of course in this story Steve Jobs is a very important character in fact one of my inspirations for writing this book because I had long known this was a really good story and nobody knew it but one of my inspirations for writing it came after after Steve died because what I saw what happened next was this huge volume of content about his life you know they had to come out write books and movies and documentaries you name it and I began to see we'll wait a minute like the Pixar part of this is like an afterthought right and a lot of it you could see you know his Steve sort of in the beginning at Apple and then his Steve when he went back to Apple and what you know nobody's paying attention to what happened in between and I was starting to say to myself but what happened in between was really important this pits are part of the story was really important at least that was my view and why was it important well in 1994 when I met Steve as I mentioned he was in desperate need of a comeback he'd had four failures in a row he had invested fifty million dollars into Pixar had nothing to show for it he had a very toxic relationship with with Pixar for reasons that I described in the book and he knew nothing about the entertainment business spool forward for years and all those things have changed pizza was and today remains Steve's comeback when Pixar went public he became a billionaire when Pixar was sold to Disney he became a multi multi-millionaire so he wiped out that fifty million dollar deficit pretty well his relationship with Pixar had been completely transformed you know from sort of a feared pariah to a beloved Guardian he had learned and mastered the entertainment industry which became very important eventually you know when he went back to Apple with with with iTunes and all of that and his comeback was completely kind of solidified you know even a lot of the press at the time around picks I said you know Steve's back and so how did that happen what was the process by which that happened and my experience of it was that it happened through a process of collaboration and I think this is a part of the Steve's story that isn't well understood or told I would describe our relationship as completely and always collaborative from the moment that we met and it doesn't mean we agreed on everything we certainly didn't agree on everything and Steve as you likely well know it's very intense about his views and his opinions and when he thought something he really dug into it as if it was truth itself and to him it was but that didn't mean that he didn't listen and so our process of working together was basically a sort of continuous dialogue just an endless dialogue Hillary will tell you we had a phone in kitchen by the fax machine when we had fax machines and you know with green early in the morning it would ring late at night and it was this you know we would be discussing and debating all the decisions that we faced one example of that that I'll share is because I and I felt that you know go pure animated feature films with such a risk I still wanted to try to mitigate that risk by you know doing some of the things that Walt Disney had considered so one of those was live-action film so Pixar eventually you know it didn't go into live-action film but at the time we thought that it should and but we at least thought we should explore that and understand that and so we traveled back and forth to Hollywood to understand what that business was all about and we really debated it as we understood it there's probably one week when I would be arguing we have to go into live-action films it would be arguing you know we shouldn't and then the next week we've reversed positions and the decisions that happened at Pixar were a process of that kind of debate and discussion and of course at Catmull John Lasseter they were involved as well but so that was my experience of of working with with Steve the second question which is how does pix I'll do it over and over again I get it like one here two hits but like that many hits in a row how did they do it and one answered that is a sort of you know maybe a simplistic view would be to say well they have unbelievable talent at Pixar and it's true they have unbelievable talent you know they much like here at Google like the town is the best of its caliber in the wall so for what it does but my view of what happened at Pixar was that talent isn't enough talent isn't enough and what it has to be married with is the right culture the right environment and the reason for that is because I believe it takes two things to do truly great work one is you have to have this talent being having this sort of passionate drive to do great things right and almost sort of a self-confidence and an ability to just I'm gonna go do this I'm gonna make this great thing you know whether it's a movie or a piece of software or whatever it happens to be but at least what I observed at Pixar and other places is that that isn't enough because one person alone never has all of the answers despite the fact that we might think we do we're lucky sometimes to have even 40% of the answers you know if you're right 40 or 50 percent of the time that's a really high hit rate so one person can't do it all and what it needs is a collaboration with other people that can fill in those missing parts the challenge with that kind of collaboration is that the very drive that drives us to do great work is full of arrogance and full of hubris and full of overconfidence and that very drive is what will sort of limit us from listening to other opinions and so we have this tension we need this drive in order to do great things but we need to yield to other voices in order in order to listen how we resolve that tension I think is the mark of the capacity to do really great work and Pixar is a company that mastered how to resolve that tension and examples of that are the very famous Pixar brain trust which you may have heard of which was the collection of story artists that critiqued films as they were being made it's very hard to take critique on creative work it's very easy to slip into the pattern of confirmation bias I'm going to listen to the voices that are affirming what I think and so over the years the Pixar brain trust in terms of the creative side of Pixar managed to figure out how to resolve that the second tension of that was the relationship between the business side of Pixar and the creative side I worried a lot at Pixar that the business side would smother the creative side it's really easy to do it's really easy for business imperatives to stifle innovation and creativity and the reason for that is quite straightforward it's because creativity creative mistakes are very expensive mistakes and and if you want to be creative and innovative there's no way to do it without mistakes and executives tend to not like that kind of that situation they want to have more control they don't want to take risks with creative mistakes when you were halfway through making an animated feature film and you decide that the main character isn't working right you're looking at a 20 million dollar mistake you know you can't just swap out one and put in the other and I don't think there's a film that Pixar ever made where that something like that didn't happen and I think that's true for a lot of great work and so so I worried about you know how would we as sort of running Pixar's business smother this creativity and it comes up in all kinds of decisions some big and some small one example would be this was a huge decision we spent a lot of time on this how often should Pixar make films right when I joined Pixar I was making one film every four years there is no spreadsheet in the world that could make turn that into a viable business so I got spreadsheets that saying like okay well two films a year now then we have a chance right and so that and then it's still a small chance like at one film every four years no chance like two films a year like two percent chance yet you know there ensued a discussion how often can we reasonably make films and still maintain creative quality and you know we ended up at a time going for a film every 18 months but does an example of that that that kind of decision so Pixar as a company that honed that balance that I believe it requires to do really great work over and over again and it never gets easier this is the other thing about it you never get to rest on your laurels well we did it before now we'll do it again every single film at Pixar you know was faced with the same challenge to this day and so you have to maintain that kind of culture so the last question or the last question I hear a lot and this is why the book is called to Pixar and beyond the and the on part refers to my own decision to basically leave the my day-to-day operations at Pixar I stayed on the board of directors but I did leave my day-to-day operations because I wanted to go off and pursue something radically different which ended up being the world of Buddhist philosophy and meditation and one question is why why did I do that and I did it not because I didn't love my career or loved what I was doing I did I felt like very privileged to do the work that I had an opportunity to do both at Pixar and before Pixar but I saw in corporate life so to speak a certain kind of one dimensionality and I saw that it was very easy to be driven exclusively by performance metrics it was very easy to be driven exclusively by the idea of acquisition and growth at all costs and I began to see that although that mentality produced and still produces an enormous amount of prosperity and great things it also has hidden costs and the hidden costs that I observed were things like stress lack of fulfillment lack of self-worth it's very hard to maintain a strong sense of self-worth an environment that is all about performance and success and and I could see that something was missing in this in this world to achieve you know the kind of balance that would avoid the sort of the source of agitations and stresses that come with you know living only in that environment I saw that you know people sometimes were just defined by that world lost in that world in it and so I had a sort of passion to understand that more deeply so I took a sabbatical started out as a sabbatical and I spent a year or two reading very widely in this domain I read everything psychology philosophy Eastern religion Western religions you name and I gravitated more and more to these ideas that I saw in these great ancient Buddhist philosophical lineages and I like those ideas because I could see in them that they were not presenting like a dogma they weren't presenting a truth or an ideology they were presenting essentially a technology of inner transformation a path a methodology to enhance our way of being in ways open up like a different dimension to our lives and although my exploration of that I ended up getting kind of frustrated because I was reading all this amazing stuff in these books and I'm like I want to take that journey right I want to do that you know I was reading everything from ancient Buddhist philosophers to Joseph Campbell the hero of a thousand faces and he's talking about the hero's journey and I'm like well how do I do that and I found it very difficult eventually I met a man who became my own teacher and who co-founder of the organization that we created juniper who was Sager Rinpoche as his name and just an amazing spiritual master just amazing and I'm like I get to take this journey and so I did and along the way my eyes kind of opened up my resistance kind of dropped and I began to see that the ideas in these traditions the ideas discussed by these ancient philosophers and Marsters they're like a code you could look at them you could say well that's ridiculous it doesn't make any sense which is what I did at the beginning then I say they're like a code they're like a treasure map and what they're a treasure map to is our own capacity it'll grow there like a link that says if you follow this trail if you follow this path it will open up awaken something in you that's not now awake that's very difficult to see and I'll give you an example and I'll end this with this example of one of these philosophies because eventually I saw this philosophy and linked it to what happened at Pixar and the philosophy is called the middle way and it goes back twenty-five hundred years it's attributed to the Buddha but many philosophers have talked about it there are many ways of describing and understanding the middle way but here's one one way you can imagine according to this these ideas that there are two people inside of us one person inside of us the lack of a better word is a bureaucrat and the goal of the bureaucrat is to get things done the bureaucrat is a performance junkie the bureaucrat Juarez the bureaucrat is a warrior not warrior warrior worries am I gonna get up in time in the morning am I gonna catch my plane on time do I have enough money in the bank I'm like that I do well enough on this test am i studying hard enough an endless series of wires about how to get things done that's the job of the bureaucrat it's great we need the bureaucrat but there's another person inside of us and again for lack of a better tone we can call this other person an artist or a free spirit and that free spirit has a whole different set of values that free spirit just wants to live just wants to live and feel alive and feel connected and feel joy and love and engaged and creative and all of those things and the challenge what the middle way says is that if we all stuck in either one of those places we will end up feeling some sort of hardship or suffering from it if we all stuck in the place of being a bureaucrat it's that if that's the only thing that drives sort of al al our day to day life we may one day wake up and we may have a pile of successes that we can talk about but we may one day wonder if we ever truly lived but if we're stuck on the other side that artistic side we may feel like we are smelling the roses but we may be frustrated by a lack of momentum in a in an in our life feeling stuck that way and when I arrived at Pixar that's where Pixar was stuck it wasn't stuck in the bureaucratic side it was stuck in that artistic side I have a chapter in the book that's cool starving artist Pixar as whole company was the quintessential starving artist full of talent full of creativity full of magic totally frustrated by its lack of momentum and what we did at Pixar basically was put enough strategy enough bureaucracy enough administration enough structure around that creative spirit around that magic so it could flourish without killing it and I would hold that whether it's Pixar or whether it's any other company or whether it's our own lives and our own relationships achieving that kind of balance because the middle way is basically a philosophy of harmony and when we can harmonize those different sort of sometimes conflicting forces in our lives that's when we feel the most alive and that's what Pixar managed to do so there's a little stuff about Pixar on those questions and if you'd like to explore any of that further I'd be delighted to take some questions I thank you for coming that I have two questions actually and one is on this artist's versus bureaucrat and is it do you think it's true that like to really be competitive you have to be total bureaucrat as you know Bill Gates famously said in this 20s didn't believe in weekends and vacations and in 30s he didn't believe in vacations but believed in some weekends yeah so that the question is in order to succeed you have to be all bureaucrat kind of a thing and my own sense of that is no and one of my reasons for that is because just because that's the paradigm in which we often see success doesn't mean that it's the only paradigm for success and so I think that some of the visible examples look that way but I think there are countless examples that are the opposite and I would count myself among them in the sense that when I was doing this work at Pixar and even before that I mean I had a career in Silicon Valley that required me to you know work extremely hard but I didn't let my I didn't lose myself in it you know I still I mean I had a family I had a marriage that a family had other responsibilities I had other commitments that mattered a lot to me and I wasn't willing to sacrifice those things even for the you know the career but I think it takes a certain kind of discipline and at least understanding that and then you know I fully believe we can be fully rounded people and really do great work in the world and that there are a lot of models for that thank you the second the second question is on balancing between arrogance and accepting other people's ideas and you mentioned that as a broad theory since you've seen Steve up-close and also a Pixar up close would love to get some real examples of instances where you see this happen and how these people and the organization achieve that well I think people achieve this balance between arrogance and yielding in different ways it's more that it needs to be there than necessarily like you know how some people and I think Steve is its I you know I think he went through different phases of his life on this you know for example I think that the earlier products that hadn't you know had success like that I mentioned like the next computer picks are imaging computer the you know those products where were partly because that balance wasn't there you know I I think your Lord has been written on next computer as an example of being you know sort of like having been great arrogance in a way about about its products and not really paying attention to other things that were going on in the marketplace so I think that what happened at Pixar and I don't know all the reasons for it but I think Steve engaged in what was happening at Pixar in a different way and you know maybe it was just we were in there duking it out together maybe it was because we generally didn't understand the entertainment industry we had to be laurynas but I think he evolved a little bit and Intuit a different way of being and and and grew to really value that I feel like I have to ask what is your favorite Pixar movie and why well my favorite Pixar movie is probably it's probably Finding Nemo because I'm sort of a sucker for that father-son story but I love man I love them all oh yeah good to see you again yeah the honors an old Pixar luminary and film director Lawrence you you talked about at the end stress and what comes from this bureaucrat inside us and you left the corporate world understanding that that needed to be changed in you what do you think about Steve and the stresses in his life as far as you saw them in the period of time that you worked and how he did what did he end up you think going in that middle way or in the corporate world you know it's a good question and it it's hard to know and I'll put myself in another person's shoes I think that and especially when that person is dealing with really hard things you know like illness and having things taken away from you you know when they're not within your control I will say that I think that individuals Steve and everyone included cope with those kinds of things in different ways one of the reasons that I left wasn't because I felt stress particularly but because I had a passion for this other side of life I wanted to explore it I kind of wanted to make my own movie in a way and understand what that was all about so I think that when these things happen to us like illness and failure and reversals in life how the the mentality that we have brought to those things in the first place matters a lot and how we cope with them opening up these this dimension of life call it meditation philosophies spirituality call it whatever you want but opening up that sort of dimension in our life is like opening us to a toolset that kicks in when we need it all right so when you're going up and up and I put up like that we don't need it you know everything feels great I'm on a I'm on a ride but it's really wise to sort of make a little investment in that side of life at the same time because it won't always go like that and I think you know it's not really for me to say or even know or speculate you know what Steve was going through during that you know during that period of time so but I think we cope with it differently so my question is now that you've studied Eastern philosophy a lot do you wish that your younger self like do you wish you explored it sooner or do you think there was like a right time for everyone to kind of explore the side of their life well I that's a great question I love this material and so and in some ways I always had an affinity for it you know I was always interested in I just could never get to it you know kind of a thing in some ways but absolutely I mean the I think it's just the tool set to help with everything and so you know if I had it when I was younger you know it would have been better you know it's not that I it makes me I don't live in this sort of shangri-la revista joy and bliss or anything like that I still work really hard I mean i-i just wrote a book like that's a pain in the ass to write a book you know it's like you know you sign a contract to write a book and they're like it's 80,000 words and I'm like well I got 200 you know so the bureaucrat in me is going okay seventy-nine thousand two hundred to go and I'm starting to count so it's is really hard to write a book the work that I've done these last 10 years is really hard work it's hard in a different way because bringing authentic meditation authentic spirituality into contemporary life is a huge undertaking we are just toying with these ideas when you look at what these sort of spiritual masters of the past were doing and when you look at what they were doing with their students we're not there yet you know we're still playing with it you know a kind of a thing and so the task that I feel that you know I and we have taken on is full of you know challenge you know kind of a thing so I didn't I so I didn't give up that but having this tool set bringing this tool set to everything that I do makes a huge difference it's like a constant reminder of perspective you know a lot of the challenge that we have is that we lose perspective we think that the thing that's right in front of our faces is it we have a story inside of us that says you know this is the only thing that matters and if it goes wrong you know my life is over or something like that so these tools open up this this perspective and disciplining and training the mind and now I was able to bring that to everything that I do it but it wouldn't matter if I was still being a lawyer or you know running a company or whatever I would love to have more of this back then as I would you know in any time in the future it would only help thank you thank you very much thank you